RESUMEN
Hemodialysis deteriorates patients' physical, metabolic, and mental status. Clinical outcomes derived from inflammation determine a worse status but are less frequently identified. The objective of the study was to identify inflammatory determinants and the effect of SNP-related serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels on associated morbidity in hemodialysis. A sample of hemodialysis patients at IMSS Regional Hospital No.46 in Guadalajara (n = 85) were tested using the Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to assess the associated morbidity. Serum cytokine levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique was used for analysis of IL-6-572C/G and IL-10-1082A/G. Using data visualization methods, we identified relevant determinants of inflammation. A simple regression model was constructed between predictors and targets with genotypes as covariates. Results showed malnutrition in 85.9% of patients and depressive symptoms in 50.6%. IL-10 was the most relevant inflammatory determinant, with regression coefficients (R2) between 0.05 and 0.11. The GG genotype of IL-10-1082 A/G evinced small effect on both clinical outcomes (δ of 0.35 and 0.37, respectively). Hemodialysis increases the associated morbidity, cytokines act as inflammatory determinants, and genetic variability contributes to the severity of clinical outcomes. Further studies need to refine the causal relationship between inflammation and CKD.
RESUMEN
La personalidad ha sido objeto de estudio y el abordaje más socorrido a través del uso de pruebas psicológicas debido a sus importantes aportaciones a la comprensión de las diferencias individuales. En estudios previos, se ha reportado la presencia de factores psicológicos característicos en alumnos de psicología, mismos que tienen un valor predictivo en su comportamiento. Objetivos: El primer objetivo del estudio fue explorar la existencia de factores diferenciados en estudiantes de psicología y el segundo objetivo fue explorar si existen diferencias por edad y cohorte semestral. Método: Participaron en el estudio un total de 141 estudiantes (82 mujeres) de los 8 semestres de la carrera de psicología en una universidad pública del occidente de México. Se utilizó la prueba de 16 factores de personalidad (16FP) y se compararon los perfiles promedio resultantes contra los valores poblacionales de referencia, por género, además, se realizó un análisis entre los primeros semestres y los últimos. Resultados: Se identificó la presencia de factores de personalidad distintivos de los alumnos de psicología, además, pudieron observarse diferencias significativas por sexo pero no por cohorte generacional. Conclusiones: La presencia de factores de la personalidad relacionados a las normas sociales y la inestabilidad afectiva son comunes en estudiantes de psicología
Personality has been object of study and the most assisted approach through the use of psychological tests due to its important contributions to the understanding of individual differences. In previous studies, the presence of characteristic psychological factors has been reported in psychology students, which have a predictive value in their behavior. Objectives: The first objective of the study was to explore the existence of differentiated factors in psychology students and the second objective was to explore whether there are differences by age and semester cohort. Method: A total of 141 students (82 women) from the 8 semesters of the psychology degree at a public university in western Mexico participated in the study. The 16 personality factors test (16FP) was considered and the resulting average profiles were compared against the reference population values, by gender, in addition, an analysis was performed between the first semesters and the last. Results: The presence of distinctive personality factors of the psychology students was identified, in addition, there was observed differences determined by sex but not by generational cohort. Conclusions: The presence of personality factors related to social norms and affective instability are common in psychology students.
